Nonlinear co-existence of beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes and beta-induced Alfvén-acoustic eigenmodes

The nonlinear co-existence of β–induced Alfven eigenmode (BAE) and β–induced Alfven-acoustic eigenmode (BAAE) is found in simulations using the gyrokinetic toroidal code, which provides a new mechanism responsible for BAAE excitation in tokamaks. Here, the normalized pressure β is the ratio between plasma thermal pressure and magnetic pressure. The nonlinear simulation results show that the BAAE branch emerges after the BAE branch is saturated. The mode structure's evolution shows that existence of BAAE will change the original BAE mode structure. The perturbed distribution functions in the velocity phase space show that a new resonance region manifesting the wave-particle resonance in the BAAE branch appears during the nonlinear co-existence stage.