Phase-transformation in iron oxide and formation of Cu/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposite using radio-frequency sputtering with metal chips on an α-Fe2O3 target

A simple technique that uses radio-frequency sputtering with a functional element on a hematite (α-Fe2O3) target is presented for the production of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) thin films. These films are prepared on water-cooled glass substrates in an Ar atmosphere. Investigations are done with Ti, Si, Al, Cu, Mo, and Zn, with γ-Fe2O3 being obtained only in the presence of Cu, indicating that phase transition occurs only for this metal. Mössbauer spectra and magnetization analysis reveal that the quality of the obtained γ-Fe2O3 films is higher than that of the film produced using Mg, which was reported in our previous work. High-angle annular dark-field scanning tunneling electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy reveal that the added Cu remains in a metallic state (without oxidization), forming a Cu/γ-Fe2O3 phase-mixture in the as-deposited film. The Cu/γ-Fe2O3 composite film exhibits negative magnetoresistance (MR), with a MR ratio of approximately 0.6% at room temperature in an applied field of 10 kOe, and a negative Faraday rotation of −5708 deg cm−1 at 830 nm