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Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA cm2 in a field of 850 V5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of ∼250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns as low-work-function thermionic cathodes