Experiments and theory of an upstream ionization instability excited by an accelerated electron beam through a current-free double layer

A low-frequency instability varying from 10 to 20kHz has been discovered in the presence of a current-free double layer (DL) in a low-pressure expanding helicon plasma. The instability is observed using various electrostatic probes, such as Langmuir probes floating or biased to ion saturation and emissive probes measuring the plasma potential. A retarding field energy analyzer measuring the ion energy distribution function downstream of the double layer is used together with the LP to simultaneously observe the DL and the instability, confirming their coexistence. The frequency of the instability decreases with increasing neutral pressure, increases with increasing magnetic field in the source and increases with increasing rf power. A theory for an upstream ionization instability has been developed, in which electrons accelerated through the DL increase the ionization upstream and are responsible for the observed instability. The theory is in good agreement with the experimental results and shows that the...