Nonequilibrium self-organization phenomena in active Langmuir monolayers

Langmuir monomolecular layers, formed by amphiphilic molecules at liquid-air interfaces and containing a fraction of chiral molecules, are theoretically investigated. These monolayers can be brought out of thermal equilibrium by applying a gradient of small molecules across the interface, resulting in the leakage flow. We show that, when splay coupling between the orientation field and the local concentration of chiral molecules in the monolayer is taken into account, this nonequilibrium soft matter system can show complex wave behavior, including the development of target wave patterns, spiral waves, and dense regions filled with inwardly propagating waves