Point stability at shallow depths: experience from tilt measurements in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany, and implications for high‐resolution GPS and gravity recordings

Summary From 1996 to 1999, we have studied ground tilts at depths of between 2 m and 5 m at three sites in the Lower Rhine Embayment (LRE), western Germany. The LRE is a tectonically active extensional sedimentary basin roughly 50 km × 100 km. The purpose of the tilt measurements was (a) to provide insight into the magnitude, nature and variability of background tilts and (b) to assess possible limitations of high‐resolution GPS campaigns and microgravity surveys due to natural ground deformation. The tilt readings, sensed by biaxial borehole tiltmeters of baselength 0.85 m, cover a frequency range from 10 −8  Hz to 10 −2  Hz (periods from minutes to years). Assuming that the tilt signals represent ground displacements on a scale typically not larger than several times the tiltmeters' baselength, and that tilt signals at shallow depth could in a simple geometric way be related to changes in surface elevation and gravity, we try to estimate the magnitude level of point movements and corresponding Bouguer gravity effects that is generally not surpassed. The largest tilt signals observed were some ± 50 µrad yr −1 . If they were observable over a ground section of extension, e.g. 10 m, the converted rates may correspond to about ± 0.5 mm per 10 m yr −1 in vertical ground displacement, and ± 0.1 µgal yr −1 in Bouguer gravity effect, respectively. Large signals are mostly related to seasonal effects, probably linked to thermomechanical strain. Other causes of ground deformation identified include seepage effects after rainfalls (order of ± 10 µrad) and diurnal strains due to thermal heating and/or fluctuations in the water consumption of nearby trees (order of ± 1 µrad). Episodic step‐like tilt anomalies with amplitudes up to 22 µrad at one of the observation sites might reflect creep events associated to a nearby active fault. Except for short‐term ground deformation caused by the passage of seismic waves from distant earthquakes, amplitudes of non‐identified tilt signals in the studied frequency range seem not to exceed ± 2 µrad. As the larger tilt signals are close to the precision achieved with modern GPS systems and superconducting gravimeters when converted into height and gravity changes, further enhancement in resolution of these techniques may require simultaneous recording of local ground deformation at the observation sites.