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A few studies suggested the contribution of PPARs to the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, it is still not clear whether variants in PPAR-encoding genes have a direct association with SCZ. The potential linkage between SCZ and the variants within PPAR encoding genes (PPARA, PPARD, and PPARG) was tested in a large cohort genome-wide association study (GWAS). Then, a mega-analysis was conducted using 14 gene expression profiling experiments in various human brain regions. Finally, the expression levels of the three PPAR-encoding genes were quantified in early-onset SCZ patients. Only one PPARG polymorphisms, rs62242085, presented a minor frequency deviation in the SCZ cohort (P-value = 0.035). None of the PPAR-encoding genes presented significant expression change within the brain regions profiled in 14 datasets acquired from different populations (P-value &gt; 0.14) or in the whole blood of early-onset overall SCZ patients (P-value &gt; 0.22). However, compared with healthy female controls, female early-onset SCZ patients presented a moderate but significant decrease in the expression level of PPARD (LFC = -0.55; P-value = 0.02) and a strong, but non-significant decrease in expression of PPARG (LFC = -1.30; P-value = 0.13). Our results do not support a significant association between variants in PPAR-encoding genes and SCZ, but suggest a necessity to explore the role of PPARD and PPARG in early SCZ phenotypes, specifically in females.

Variants and expression changes in PPAR-encoding genes display no significant association with schizophrenia