WITHDRAWN: Macrophage-targeting Fasudil treatment protects liver from the ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting M2 macrophage polarization

Macrophages play essential roles in the generation and resolution of inflammation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) triggers a systemic inflammatory response and leads to cellular injury and organ failure. During surgical procedures of the liver, such as hepatic resection and liver transplantation, IRI leads to the dysfunction of the liver. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors were reported protecting the liver from IRI. However, the systematic administration of ROCK inhibitors causes severe hypotension. Here, using Fasudil carried liposomes, we specifically inhibited the ROCK-II expression in Kupffer cells and blood monocytes. Through this macrophage/monocyte specific treatment of Fasudil, we successfully protected the liver from IRI by shifting Kupffer cells/monocytes from M1/classical to M2/patrolling phenotype in the liver and peripheral blood. Our finding provides novel insights into the macrophage/monocyte-specific drug delivery and the treatment of liver IRI.