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NO and cGMP administered at reperfusion after ischaemia prevent injury to hepatocytes mediated by the MPT (mitochondrial permeability transition). To characterize further the mechanism of protection, the ability of hepatic cytosol in combination with cyclic nucleotides to delay onset of the calcium-induced MPT was evaluated in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Liver cytosol plus cGMP or cAMP dose-dependently inhibited the MPT, required ATP hydrolysis for inhibition and did not inhibit mitochondrial calcium uptake. Specific peptide inhibitors for PKA (protein kinase A), but not PKG (protein kinase G), abolished cytosol-induced inhibition of MPT onset. Activity assays showed a cGMP- and cAMP-stimulated protein kinase activity in liver cytosol that was completely inhibited by PKI, a PKA peptide inhibitor. Size-exclusion chromatography of liver cytosol produced a single peak of cGMP/cAMP-stimulated kinase activity with an estimated protein size of 180-220 kDa. This fraction was PKI-sensitive and delayed onset of the MPT. Incubation of active catalytic PKA subunit directly with mitochondria in the absence of cytosol and cyclic nucleotide also delayed MPT onset, and incubation with purified outer membranes led to phosphorylation of a major 31 kDa band. After ischaemia, administration at reperfusion of membrane-permeant cAMPs and cAMP-mobilizing glucagon prevented reperfusion injury to hepatocytes. In conclusion, PKA in liver cytosol activated by cGMP or cAMP acts directly on mitochondria to delay onset of the MPT and protect hepatocytes from cell death after ischaemia/reperfusion.

Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by protein kinase A in rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes