Starting blocks: The biochemical basis of contraction-induced signal transduction in skeletal muscle

Abbreviations: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CaMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Cr, creatine; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PA, phosphatidic acid; PCr, phosphocreatine; PHD, prolyl hydroxylase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PLD, phospholipase D; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S6K, S6 protein kinase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.