Dual use of porphyrazines as sensitizers and viscosity markers in photodynamic therapy

Porphyrazines have recently emerged as a useful class of tetrapyrroles suitable for photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT) with excellent uptake and retention properties in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the photophysical properties of cyano-aryl porphyrazine pz1 are strongly viscosity dependent, i.e. the fluorescence lifetime and the quantum yield of pz1 increase as a function of solution viscosity. We have calibrated pz1 as a red-emitting fluorescent 'molecular rotor' in a large range of viscosities from 80 to ca. 5500 cP, in solutions of various solvent compositions and temperatures. On the other hand, pz1 works as an efficient PDT sensitiser, i.e. it induces apoptosis and necrosis in cells upon irradiation with red light through formation of singlet oxygen. We demonstrate that PDT in cells using pz1 is accompanied by a significant viscosity increase by monitoring the fluorescence lifetime of the rotor. We suggest that this increase could be used as a completely new type of diagnostic and dosimetry tool in a PDT treatment.