Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: an overview

Electrochemical capacitors are electrochemical devices with fast and highly reversible charge-storage and discharge capabilities. The devices are attractive for energy storage particularly in applications involving high-power requirements. Electrochemical capacitors employ two electrodes and an aqueous or a non-aqueous electrolyte, either in liquid or solid form; the latter provides the advantages of compactness, reliability, freedom from leakage of any liquid component and a large operating potential-window. One of the classes of solid electrolytes used in capacitors is polymer-based and they generally consist of dry solid-polymer electrolytes or gel-polymer electrolyte or composite-polymer electrolytes. Dry solid-polymer electrolytes suffer from poor ionic-conductivity values, between 10−8 and 10−7 S cm−1 under ambient conditions, but are safer than gel-polymer electrolytes that exhibit high conductivity of ca. 10−3 S cm−1 under ambient conditions. The aforesaid polymer-based electrolytes have the advantages of a wide potential window of ca. 4 V and hence can provide high energy-density. Gel-polymer electrolytes are generally prepared using organic solvents that are environmentally malignant. Hence, replacement of organic solvents with water in gel-polymer electrolytes is desirable which also minimizes the device cost substantially. The water containing gel-polymer electrolytes, called hydrogel-polymer electrolytes, are, however, limited by a low operating potential-window of only about 1.23 V. This article reviews salient features of electrochemical capacitors employing hydrogel-polymer electrolytes.