Open AccessOperation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window
Author(s) -
W. Ackermann,
G. Asova,
V. Ayvazyan,
Armin Azima,
N. Baboi,
J. Bähr,
V. Balandin,
Bolko Beutner,
A. V. Brandt,
Andy Bolzmann,
R. Brinkmann,
Oleg Brovko,
M. Castellano,
P. Castro,
L. Catàni,
E. Chiadroni,
S. Choroba,
A. Cianchi,
John Costello,
D. Cubaynes,
J. Dardis,
Winfried Decking,
H. Delsim-Hashemi,
Alice Delserieys,
G. Di Pirro,
M. Dohlus,
S. Düsterer,
A. Eckhardt,
H. Edwards,
B. Faatz,
J. Feldhaus,
Klaus Flöttmann,
J. Frisch,
Lars Fröhlich,
T. Garvey,
U. Gensch,
Ch. Gerth,
M. Görler,
N. Golubeva,
H.-J. Grabosch,
M. Grecki,
O. Grimm,
Kirsten Hacker,
U. Hahn,
Jang Hui Han,
K. Honkavaara,
T. Hott,
M. Hüning,
Y. Ivanisenko,
E. Jaeschke,
Wojciech Jałmużna,
Tomasz Jeżyński,
R. Kammering,
V. Katalev,
K. Kavanagh,
E. T. Kennedy,
S. Khodyachykh,
K. Klose,
Vitali Kocharyan,
M. Körfer,
M. Kollewe,
W. Koprek,
S. Korepanov,
D. Kostin,
Mikhail Krassilnikov,
G. Kube,
M. Kuhlmann,
C. L. S. Lewis,
L. Lilje,
T. Limberg,
D. Lipka,
Florian Löhl,
H. Luna,
Hoang Mai Luong,
M. Martins,
Michael Meyer,
P. Michelato,
V. Miltchev,
W.-D. Möller,
Laura Monaco,
W. Müller,
Andrzej Napieralski,
O. Napoly,
P. Nicolosi,
D. Nölle,
T. Núñez,
A. Oppelt,
C. Pagani,
Rocco Paparella,
N. Pchalek,
J. Pedregosa-Gutierrez,
B. Petersen,
B. Petrosyan,
G. G. Petrosyan,
L. Petrosyan,
J. Pflüger,
Elke Plönjes,
Luca Poletto,
K. Późniak,
Eduard Prat,
D. Proch,
Piotr Pucyk,
P. Radcliffe,
H. Redlin,
K. Rehlich,
M. Richter,
M. Roehrs,
J. Roensch,
Ryszard S. Romaniuk,
Marc Ross,
J. Roßbach,
V. Rybnikov,
M. Sachwitz,
E.L. Saldin,
W. Sandner,
H. Schlarb,
B. Schmidt,
M. Schmitz,
Peter Schmüser,
J. R. Schneider,
E.A. Schneidmiller,
Sascha Schnepp,
S. Schreiber,
M. Seidel,
Daniele Sertore,
A. Shabunov,
Claire Simon,
Stefan Simrock,
E. Sombrowski,
А. А. Сорокин,
P. Spanknebel,
Roman Spesyvtsev,
Lazar Staykov,
B. Steffen,
F. Stephan,
F. Stulle,
H. Thom,
K. Tiedtke,
M. Tischer,
S. Toleikis,
R. Treusch,
D. Trines,
I. Tsakov,
Elmar Vogel,
T. Weiland,
H. Weise,
M. Wellhöfer,
M. Wendt,
I. Will,
A. Winter,
K. Wittenburg,
W. Würth,
P. Yeates,
M.V. Yurkov,
Igor Zagorodnov,
K. Zapfe
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
nature photonics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 13.674
H-Index - 331
eISSN - 1749-4893
pISSN - 1749-4885
DOI - 10.1038/nphoton.2007.76
Subject(s) - extreme ultraviolet , harmonics , laser , optics , wavelength , ultraviolet , pulse duration , radiation , high harmonic generation , free electron laser , materials science , pulse (music) , free electron model , physics , water window , saturation (graph theory) , optoelectronics , voltage , quantum mechanics , detector , mathematics , combinatorics
Groupe SERAWe report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured. In the saturation regime, the peak energy approached 170 J for individual pulses, and the average energy per pulse reached 70 J. The pulse duration was in the region of 10 fs, and peak powers of 10 GW were achieved. At a pulse repetition frequency of 700 pulses per second, the average extreme-ultraviolet power reached 20 mW. The output beam also contained a significant contribution from odd harmonics of approximately 0.6% and 0.03% for the 3rd (4.6 nm) and the 5th (2.75 nm) harmonics, respectively. At 2.75 nm the 5th harmonic of the radiation reaches deep into the water window, a wavelength range that is crucially important for the investigation of biological samples
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