Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment | Zendy

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Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment

Author(s) -

Aysu Okbay,

Jonathan Beauchamp,

Mark Alan Fontana,

James J. Lee,

Tune H. Pers,

Cornelius A. Rietveld,

Patrick Turley,

GuoBo Chen,

Valur Emilsson,

S. Fleur W. Meddens,

Sven Oskarsson,

Joseph K. Pickrell,

Kevin Thom,

Pascal Timshel,

Ronald de Vlaming,

Abdel Abdellaoui,

Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia,

Jonas Bacelis,

Clemens Baumbach,

Gyða Björnsdóttir,

J Brandsma,

Maria Pina Concas,

Jaime Derringer,

Nicholas A. Furlotte,

Tessel E. Galesloot,

Giorgia Girotto,

Richa Gupta,

Leanne M. Hall,

Sarah E. Harris,

Edith Hofer,

Momoko Horikoshi,

Jennifer E. Huffman,

Kadri Kaasik,

Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati,

Robert Karlsson,

Augustine Kong,

Jari Lahti,

Sven J. van der Lee,

C. deLeeuw,

Penelope A. Lind,

KarlOskar Lindgren,

Tian Liu,

Massimo Mangino,

Jonathan Marten,

Evelin Mihailov,

Michael B. Miller,

Peter J. van der Most,

Christopher Oldmeadow,

Antony Payton,

Natalia Pervjakova,

Wouter J. Peyrot,

Yong Qian,

Olli Raitakari,

Rico Rueedi,

Erika Salvi,

Börge Schmidt,

Katharina E. Schraut,

Jianxin Shi,

Albert V. Smith,

Raymond A. Poot,

Beaté St Pourcain,

Alexander Teumer,

Gudmar Thorleifsson,

Niek Verweij,

Dragana Vuckovic,

Juergen Wellmann,

Harm-Jan Westra,

Jingyun Yang,

Wei Zhao,

Zhihong Zhu,

Behrooz Z. Alizadeh,

Najaf Amin,

Andrew Bakshi,

Sebastian E. Baumeister,

Ginevra Biino,

Klaus Bønnelykke,

Patricia A. Boyle,

Harry Campbell,

Francesco P. Cappuccio,

Gail Davies,

Jan-Emmanuel De Neve,

Panos Deloukas,

Ilja Demuth,

Jun Ding,

Peter Eibich,

Lewin Eisele,

Niina Eklund,

David M. Evans,

Jessica D. Faul,

Mary F. Feitosa,

Andreas J. Forstner,

Ilaria Gandin,

Bjarni Gunnarsson,

Bjarni V. Halldórsson,

Tamara B. Harris,

Andrew C. Heath,

Lynne J. Hocking,

Elizabeth G. Holliday,

Georg Homuth,

Michael A. Horan,

Jouke-Jan Hottenga,

Philip L De Jager,

Peter K. Joshi,

Astanand Jugessur,

Marika A. Kaakinen,

Mika Kähönen,

Stavroula Kai,

Liisa Keltigangas-Järvinen,

Lambertus A. Kiemeney,

Ivana Kolčić,

Seppo Koskinen,

Aldi T. Kraja,

Martin Kroh,

Zoltán Kutalik,

Antti Latvala,

L. J. Launer,

Maël P. Lebreton,

Douglas F. Levinson,

Paul Lichtenstein,

Peter Lichtner,

David C. Liewald,

Lifelines Cohort Study,

Anu Loukola,

Pamela A. Madden,

Reedik Mägi,

Tomi MäkiOpas,

Riccardo E. Marioni,

Pedro MarquesVidal,

Gerardus A. Meddens,

George McMahon,

Christa Meisinger,

Thomas Meitinger,

Yusplitri Milaneschi,

Lili Milani,

Grant W. Montgomery,

Ronny Myhre,

Christopher P. Nelson,

Dale R. Nyholt,

William E. R. Ollier,

Aarno Palotie,

Lavinia Paternoster,

Nancy L. Pedersen,

Katja Petrovic,

David J. Porteous,

Katri Räikkönen,

Susan M. Ring,

Antonietta Robino,

Olga Rostapshova,

Igor Rudan,

Aldo Rustichini,

Veikko Salomaa,

Alan R. Sanders,

AnttiPekka Sarin,

Helena Schmidt,

Rodney J. Scott,

Blair H. Smith,

Jennifer A. Smith,

Jan A. Staessen,

Elisabeth Steinhagen–Thiessen,

Konstantin Strauch,

Antonio Terracciano,

Martin D. Tobin,

Sheila Ulivi,

Simona Vaccargiu,

Lydia Quaye,

Frank J.A. van Rooij,

Cristina Venturini,

Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen,

Uwe Völker,

Henry Völzke,

Judith M. Vonk,

Diego Vozzi,

Johannes Waage,

Erin B. Ware,

Gonneke Willemsen,

John Attia,

David A. Bennett,

Klaus Berger,

Lars Bertram,

Hans Bisgaard,

Dorret I. Boomsma,

Ingrid B. Borecki,

Ute Bültmann,

Christopher F. Chabris,

Francesco Cucca,

Daniele Cusi,

Ian J. Deary,

George V. Dedoussis,

Cornelia M. van Duijn,

Johan G. Eriksson,

Barbara Franke,

Lude Franke,

Paolo Gasparini,

Pablo V. Gejman,

Christian Gieger,

Hans-Jörgen Grabe,

Jacob Gratten,

Patrick J. F. Groenen,

Vilmundur Guðnason,

Pim van der Harst,

Caroline Hayward,

David A. Hinds,

Wolfgang Hoffmann,

Elina Hyppönen,

William G. Iacono,

Bo Jacobsson,

MarjoRiitta Järvelin,

Karl-Heinz Jöckel,

Jaakko Kaprio,

Sharon L. R. Kardia,

Terho Lehtimäki,

Steven F. Lehrer,

Patrik K. E. Magnusson,

Nicholas G. Martin,

Matt McGue,

Andres Metspalu,

Neil Pendleton,

Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,

Markus Perola,

Nicola Pirastu,

Mario Pirastu,

Ozren Polašek,

Danielle Posthuma,

Christine Power,

Michael A. Province,

Nilesh J. Samani,

David Schlessinger,

Reinhold Schmidt,

Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,

Tim D. Spector,

Kari Stefansson,

Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,

Roy Thurik,

Nicholas J. Timpson,

Henning Tiemeier,

Joyce Y. Tung,

André G. Uitterlinden,

Véronique Vitart,

Péter Vollenweider,

David R. Weir,

Alan F. Wright,

Dalton Conley,

Robert F. Krueger,

George Davey Smith,

Albert Hofman,

David I. Laibson,

Sarah E. Medland,

Michelle N. Meyer,

Jian Yang,

Magnus Johannesson,

Peter M. Visscher,

Tõnu Esko,

Philipp Koellinger,

David Cesarini,

Daniel J. Benjamin

Publication year - 2016

Publication title -

nature

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Journals

SCImago Journal Rank - 15.993

H-Index - 1226

eISSN - 1476-4687

pISSN - 0028-0836

DOI - 10.1038/nature17671

Subject(s) - biobank , genome wide association study , educational attainment , biology , genetic association , phenotype , genetics , single nucleotide polymorphism , genome , genetic variation , gene , evolutionary biology , genotype , economics , economic growth

Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.

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