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Objectives:  Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α agents like Infliximab (IFX) are effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and are widely used. However, a considerable number of patients do not respond or lose response to this therapy. Preliminary evidence suggests that transmembrane TNF-α (tmTNF-α) might be linked to response to IFX by promoting reverse signaling-induced apoptosis in inflammatory cells. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of this hypothesis in primary IFX non-responders. Methods:  A total of 47 IFX naive IBD patients were included in the study. Blood samples were taken before the start of IFX therapy (at week 0) and after induction therapy (at week 14). Endoscopic disease activity and markers of inflammation at baseline and at week 14 were used to evaluate response. Baseline soluble TNF-α (sTNF-α), percentage of circulating TNF-α positive cells, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of tmTNF-α, and apoptosis rate at week 14 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated in IFX responders and non-responders. Results:  Mean sTNF-α was not significantly different in responders compared to non-responders (P=0.13). Mean percentage of tmTNF-α bearing lymphocytes and monocytes was higher in the PBMCs of responders (P=0.05 and P=0.014, respectively). Mean MFI of tmTNF-α in circulating lymphocytes and monocytes was greater in responders (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). Moreover, the mean percentage of apoptosis in PBMCs was significantly greater in responders compared to non-responders (P=0.002). Conclusions:  The percentage of tmTNF-α bearing lymphocytes and monocytes and the intensity of tmTNF-α in the circulating leukocyte population of IBD patients was directly related to primary response to IFX. This was likely due—as assessed by the apoptosis rate—to promotion of inflammatory cell death. Thus, our data suggest that peripheral leukocytes could in principle be used for predicting primary response to IFX in IBD patients.

Transmembrane TNF-α Density, but not Soluble TNF-α Level, is Associated with Primary Response to Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease