Seismic structure across the active subduction zone of western Canada

The Vancouver Island Seismic Project was conducted in 1980 to study the structure of the subducting oceanic Juan de Fuca plate and the overriding continental America plate. The principal seismic refraction line (line I) was a 350‐km onshore‐offshore profile perpendicular to the continental margin. An array of 32 receivers was located on the America plate on the mainland and across Vancouver Island and extended offshore with three ocean bottom seismometers (OBS's). Two shots were fired at the eastern end of the line, and 17 shots were located along the westernmost 100 km of the profile. Control for the interpretation of the onshore‐offshore profile was provided by a reversed refraction profile along the length of Vancouver Island and by a marine refraction profile recorded on the OBS'S. Modeling of the seismic structure of this complex region utilized an iterative inversion method for travel times from explosions in which shots at several locations are recorded on the same set of receivers and utilized an algorithim based on asymptotic ray theory for the calculation of synthetic seismograms through two‐dimensional media. The major features of the refraction structural model are that (1) the oceanic lithosphere dips at 3° or less beneath the continental slope, so the bend in the subducting slab occurs landward of the foot of the slope. (2) the oceanic lithosphere dips at 14°–16° beneath the continental shelf until it passes beneath the continental Moho at 37 km depth below western Vancouver Island, (3) an upper mantle reflector may correspond to the base of the subducting lithosphere, and (4) a segment of high‐velocity material above the downgoing crust, with velocity 7.7 km/s and depth range 20–25 km, may represent a remnant of subducted lithosphere, perhaps detached when the subduction zone jumped westward to its present position.