The seasonal circulation of the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal

Analysis of the results of a multilayer, adiabatic, numerical model of the upper Indian Ocean, driven by climatological monthly mean winds, shows that the simulated currents in the northeastern Indian Ocean are in general agreement with available observations and interpretations. The main features of the ocean currents include large anticyclonic flow in the Bay of Bengal surface waters during the northern hemisphere winter. This gyre decays into eddies in spring and then transitions into a weaker, cyclonic gyre by late summer. The western recirculation region of this flow is an intensified western boundary current which changes direction twice during the year. In the Andaman Sea, east of the Bay of Bengal, the oceanic flow changes direction twice during the year; it is cyclonic during the spring and early summer and anticyclonic the rest of the year. Flow in the equatorial region shows the North Equatorial Current (NEC) flowing west during winter. Further south is the eastward flowing Equatorial Counter Current (ECC) and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current. In summer, the NEC switches direction, joins the ECC, and forms the Indian Monsoon Current. Investigation of the second layer of the model (the upper 450 m of the ocean) shows that flow during much of the year is baroclinic (strong vertical shear). Model layer thickness reveals coastal Kelvin waves propagating along the coast, traveling the entire perimeter of the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal. This wave excites westward propagating Rossby waves into the interior of the bay. Time series analysis of transport calculations yield significant peaks in the 20‐ to 30‐day range and 50‐ to 60‐day range which are not likely directly forced by the applied wind stress.