Open AccessGlobal and regional emissions of HFC‐125 (CHF 2 CF 3 ) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations at AGAGE and SOGE observatories
Author(s) -
O'Doherty S.,
Cunnold D. M.,
Miller B. R.,
Mühle J.,
McCulloch A.,
Simmonds P. G.,
Manning A. J.,
Reimann S.,
Vollmer M. K.,
Greally B. R.,
Prinn R. G.,
Fraser P. J.,
Steele L. P.,
Krummel P. B.,
Dunse B. L.,
Porter L. W.,
Lunder C. R.,
Schmidbauer N.,
Hermansen O.,
Salameh P. K.,
Harth C. M.,
Wang R. H. J.,
Weiss R. F.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.67
H-Index - 298
eISSN - 2156-2202
pISSN - 0148-0227
DOI - 10.1029/2009jd012184
Subject(s) - troposphere , greenhouse gas , environmental science , radiative forcing , climatology , atmospheric sciences , united nations framework convention on climate change , atmosphere (unit) , range (aeronautics) , climate change , emission inventory , atmospheric research , meteorology , geography , air quality index , aerosol , geology , kyoto protocol , oceanography , materials science , composite material
High‐frequency, in situ observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and System for Observation of halogenated Greenhouse gases in Europe (SOGE) networks for the period 1998 to 2008, combined with archive flask measurements dating back to 1978, have been used to capture the rapid growth of HFC‐125 (CHF 2 CF 3 ) in the atmosphere. HFC‐125 is the fifth most abundant HFC, and it currently makes the third largest contribution of the HFCs to atmospheric radiative forcing. At the beginning of 2008 the global average was 5.6 ppt in the lower troposphere and the growth rate was 16% yr −1 . The extensive observations have been combined with a range of modeling techniques to derive global emission estimates in a top‐down approach. It is estimated that 21 kt were emitted globally in 2007, and the emissions are estimated to have increased 15% yr −1 since 2000. These estimates agree within approximately 20% with values reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provided that estimated emissions from East Asia are included. Observations of regionally polluted air masses at individual AGAGE sites have been used to produce emission estimates for Europe (the EU‐15 countries), the United States, and Australia. Comparisons between these top‐down estimates and bottom‐up estimates based on reports by individual countries to the UNFCCC show a range of approximately four in the differences. This process of independent verification of emissions, and an understanding of the differences, is vital for assessing the effectiveness of international treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol.