Sensitivity of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and formaldehyde (HCHO) preservation in snow to changing environmental conditions: Implications for ice core records

Sensitivity studies with physically based numerical air–snow–firn transfer models for formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) show that even though nonlinear processes determine the preservation of HCHO and H 2 O 2 in snow and firn, changes in atmospheric mixing ratios are linearly recorded in ice cores under otherwise constant environmental conditions. However, temperature, snowpack ventilation, and rate and timing of snow accumulation also affect the ice core records of reversibly deposited species and must be considered when inferring past atmospheric mixing ratios. The results of the sensitivity studies allow quantitative separation of these factors in ice core records. Past temperatures and accumulation rates are generally determined in ice cores and the preservation of HCHO and H 2 O 2 is not highly sensitive to snowpack ventilation, leaving changes in seasonality of snow accumulation as the main source of uncertainty in a reconstruction of past atmospheric mixing ratios.