Propagation of Z‐mode and whistler‐mode emissions observed by Interball 2 in the nightside auroral region

A case study of VLF (very low frequency) natural emissions propagating at high altitude above the nightside auroral zone is presented. The analysis is based on data of the MEMO experiment on board the Interball 2 spacecraft. In its VLF band the device records waveforms of three magnetic and two electric field components covering a frequency range 1–20 kHz. Several analysis methods are applied in order to obtain the details on the wave propagation and mode structure and to identify possible source regions. We demonstrate that observed band‐limited emission consists of Z‐mode and whistler‐mode waves. Downgoing Z‐mode waves are found just above the lower cutoff at the L =0 frequency. A possible source may be connected with the electron cyclotron resonance mechanism taking place in the nightside sector at altitudes above 21,000 km. Upgoing whistler‐mode waves with upper cutoff at the local plasma frequency are probably generated by upgoing electrons in the auroral region at altitudes lower than the actual satellite position, i.e., below 18,000 km.