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Quantitation of surface roughness is difficult, if subtle, but significant differences cause an uncommon variance. We used atomic force microscopy to measure the surface roughness of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers before and after a 30 s plasma treatment of 300 W. Samples were measured multiple times at different locations, in four scan sizes. The surface roughness was expressed in terms of nine roughness parameters. Despite the large number of data, simple statistics was not able to detect significant differences in roughness before and after plasma treatment. A factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the normalized data and a sum of ranking differences analysis using four types of data preprocessing and their factorial ANOVA confirmed that (i) the plasma treatment had roughened the PET fiber surface; (ii) the roughness increases with the scanned area in the measured range; and (iii) what the best roughness parameters are in discriminating between surfaces before and after treatment. Although the compared roughness estimators were on different scales, a roughness estimation of the nanoscale surfaces was feasible, where other methods fail. The presented methodology can be applied widely and unambiguously for highly different method comparison tasks.

Estimating Nanoscale Surface Roughness of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers