Theoretical Description of Mixed Film Formation at the Air/Water Interface: Carboxylic Acids–Alcohols

The thermodynamic parameters of formation and clusterization of aliphatic alcohols C n H 2 n +1 OH and carboxylic acids C n H 2 n +1 COOH ( n = 6-16) are calculated using the quantum-chemical semiempirical PM3 method. Four types of dimers are constructed in two directions of the spread monolayer comprising the most energetically advantageous monomer structures. The hydrophobic chains of alcohol and carboxylic acid molecules in the regarded dimers are found to be tilted within 12° to the normal of the spread monolayer. The structures of the mixed and pure surfactant dimers are the basis for the mixed alcohol-carboxylic acid monolayers of the following types: two dimensional (2D) film 1 with single distribution of the individual component in the other one, when the molecules of the first component do not interact with each other but are completely surrounded by the molecules of the second component; 2D film 2 with domain structure, when the film consists of "islands" of the individual components. The dependences of the clusterization Gibbs' energy per one monolayer molecule on the molar fraction of the components for the mixed 2D films 1 formed by surfactants with equal alkyl chain length are found to be limited from top to bottom by the corresponding dependences for pure components. This indicates the absence of synergetic interaction between the hydrophilic head groups of carboxylic acids and alcohols and conforms to the available experimental data. The formation of the described types of mixed films is competitive. The preferential formation of 2D films 1 with single distribution of the first component among the molecules of the second one is possible when the length of the carboxylic acid hydrocarbon chain is longer by Δ n = 1-2 methylene units than that of the corresponding alcohol alkyl chain. According to the fractionally linear law, the highest possible content of the carboxylic acids in such 2D films 1 depends on the Δ n value and does not exceed 33.3%.