Continuously Tunable Nucleotide/Lanthanide Coordination Nanoparticles for DNA Adsorption and Sensing

Metal-organic coordination polymers (CPs) have attracted great research interest because they are easy to prepare, porous, flexible in composition, and designable in structure. Their applications in biosensor development, drug delivery, and catalysis have been explored. Lanthanides and nucleotides can form interesting CPs, although most previous works have focused on a single type of metal ligand. In this work, we explored mixed nucleotides and studied their DNA adsorption properties using fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) formed negatively charged CP nanoparticles with most lanthanides, and thus a salt was required to adsorb negatively charged DNA. DNA adsorption was faster and reached a higher capacity with lighter lanthanides. Desorption of pre-adsorbed DNA by inorganic phosphates, urea, proteins, surfactants, and competing DNA was successively carried out. The results suggested the importance of the DNA phosphate backbone, although hydrogen bonding and DNA bases also contributed to adsorption. The AMP CPs adsorbed DNA more strongly than the GMP ones, and using mixtures of AMP and GMP, continuous tuning of DNA adsorption affinity was achieved. Such CPs were also used as a sensor for DNA detection based on the different affinities of single- and double-stranded DNA, and a detection limit of 0.9 nM target DNA was achieved. Instead of tuning DNA adsorption by varying the length and sequence of DNA, the composition of CPs can also be controlled to achieve this goal.