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The effect of Na loading on water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) activity of Ni@TiO  x  - X Na ( X = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt %) catalysts has been investigated. Herein, we report sodium-modified Ni@TiO  x  catalysts (denoted as Ni@TiO  x  - X Na) derived from Ni 3 Ti 1 -layered double hydroxide (Ni 3 Ti 1 -LDH) precursor. The optimized Ni@TiO  x  -1Na catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic performance toward WGSR at relatively low temperature and reaches an equilibrium CO conversion at 300 °C, which is much superior to those for most of the reported Ni-based catalysts. The H 2 -temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR) result demonstrates that the Ni@TiO  x  -1Na catalyst has a stronger metal-support interaction (MSI) than the sodium-free Ni@TiO  x  catalyst. The presence of stronger MSI significantly facilitates the electron transfer from TiO  x  support to the interfacial Ni atoms to modulate the electronic structure of Ni atoms (a sharp increase in Ni δ- species), inducing the generation of more surface sites (O v -Ti 3+ ) accompanied by more interfacial sites (Ni δ- -O v -Ti 3+ ), revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Ni δ- -O v -Ti 3+ interfacial sites serve as dual-active sites for WGSR. The increase in the dual-active sites accounts for improvement in the catalytic performance of WGSR. With the tunable Ni-TiO  x  interaction, a feasible strategy in creating active sites by adding low-cost sodium addictive has been developed.

Addition of Sodium Additives for Improved Performance of Water-Gas Shift Reaction over Ni-Based Catalysts