Comparison of Machine Learning Models on Performance of Single- and Dual-Type Electrochromic Devices

This study shows that the model fitting based on machine learning (ML) from experimental data can successfully predict the electrochromic characteristics of single- and dual-type flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) by using tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) and WO 3 /vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ), respectively. Seven different regression methods were used for experimental observations, which belong to single and dual ECDs where 80% percent was used as training data and the remaining was taken as testing data. Among the seven different regression methods, K -nearest neighbor (KNN) achieves the best results with higher coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) score and lower root-mean-squared error (RMSE) for the bleaching state of ECDs. Furthermore, higher R 2 score and lower RMSE for the coloration state of ECDs were achieved with Gaussian process regressor. The robustness result of the ML modeling demonstrates the reliability of prediction outcomes. These results can be proposed as promising models for different energy-saving flexible electronic systems.