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Titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) nano-/microparticles have been widely used in orthopedic and dental sciences because of their excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability, and ability to promote the osseointegration of implants. However, how the structure and crystallinity of TiO 2 particles may affect their osteogenic activity remains elusive. Herein, we evaluated the osteogenic response to submicron amorphous, anatase, and rutile TiO 2 particles with controlled size and morphology. First, the ability of TiO 2 particles to precipitate apatite was assessed in an acellular medium by using a simulated body fluid (SBF). Three days after the addition to SBF, anatase and rutile TiO 2 particles induced the precipitation of aggregates of nanoparticles with a platelike morphology, typical for biomimetic apatite. Conversely, amorphous TiO 2 particles induced the precipitation of particles with poor Ca/P atomic ratio only after 14 days of exposure to SBF. Next, the osteogenic response to TiO 2 particles was assessed in vitro by incubating MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with the particles. The viability and mineralization efficiency of osteoblastic cells were maintained in the presence of all the tested TiO 2 particles despite the differences in the induction of apatite precipitation in SBF by TiO 2 particles with different structures. Analysis of the particles' surface charge and of the proteins adsorbed onto the particles from the culture media suggested that all the tested TiO 2 particles acquired a similar biological identity in the culture media. We posited that this phenomenon attenuated potential differences in osteoblast response to amorphous, anatase, and rutile particles. Our study provides an important insight into the complex relationship between the physicochemical properties and function of TiO 2 particles and sheds light on their safe use in medicine.

Characterization of the in Vitro Osteogenic Response to Submicron TiO2 Particles of Varying Structure and Crystallinity

Characterization of the in Vitro Osteogenic Response to Submicron TiO₂ Particles of Varying Structure and Crystallinity