Curvature as a Collective Coordinate in Enhanced Sampling Membrane Simulations

The plasticity of membranes plays an important functional role in cells, cell components, and micelles, where bending, budding, and remodeling implement numerous recognition and communication processes. Comparatively, molecular simulation methods to induce, control, and quantitatively characterize such deformations remain scarce. This work defines a novel collective coordinate associated with membrane bending, which strives to combine realism (by preserving the notion of local atomic curvatures) and low computational cost (allowing its evaluation at every time step of a molecular dynamics simulation). Enhanced sampling simulations along this conformational coordinate provide convenient access to the underlying bending free energy landscape. To showcase its potential, the method is applied to three state-of-the-art problems: the determination of the bending free energy landscape of a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) bilayer, the formation of a POPE liposome, and the study of the influence of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal on the budding of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes.