Different Force Fields Give Rise to Different Amyloid Aggregation Pathways in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The progress toward understanding the molecular basis of Alzheimers's disease is strongly connected to elucidating the early aggregation events of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a viable technique to study the aggregation of Aβ into oligomers with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the results of an MD simulation can only be as good as the underlying force field. A recent study by our group showed that none of the common force fields can distinguish between aggregation-prone and nonaggregating peptide sequences, producing a similar and in most cases too fast aggregation kinetics for all peptides. Since then, new force fields specially designed for intrinsically disordered proteins such as Aβ were developed. Here, we assess the applicability of these new force fields to studying peptide aggregation using the Aβ 16-22 peptide and mutations of it as test case. We investigate their performance in modeling the monomeric state, the aggregation into oligomers, and the stability of the aggregation end product, i.e., the fibrillar state. A main finding is that changing the force field has a stronger effect on the simulated aggregation pathway than changing the peptide sequence. Also the new force fields are not able to reproduce the experimental aggregation propensity order of the peptides. Dissecting the various energy contributions shows that AMBER99SB- disp overestimates the interactions between the peptides and water, thereby inhibiting peptide aggregation. More promising results are obtained with CHARMM36m and especially its version with increased protein-water interactions. It is thus recommended to use this force field for peptide aggregation simulations and base future reparameterizations on it.