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Sorbic acid (2,4-hexadienoic acid; HDA) isomerization is frequently used to probe triplet-state dissolved organic matter ( 3 CDOM*) reactivity, but there remain open questions about the reaction kinetics of 3 CDOM* with HDA due to the difficulties of directly measuring 3 CDOM* quenching rate constants. Using our recently developed approach based on observing the radical cation of N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) formed through oxidation of TMPD by 3 CDOM*, we studied 3 CDOM* quenching kinetics with HDA monitored via transient absorption spectroscopy. A competition kinetics-based approach utilizing formation yields of TMPD •+ was developed, validated with model sensitizers, and used to determine bimolecular rate constants between 3 CDOM* oxidants and HDA for diverse DOM isolates and natural waters samples, yielding values in the range of (2.4-7.7) × 10 8 M -1 s -1 . The unquenchable fraction of TMPD-oxidizing triplets showed that, on average, 41% of 3 CDOM* oxidants cannot be quenched by HDA. Conversely, cycloheptatriene quenched nearly all TMPD •+ -forming triplets in CDOM, suggesting that most 3 CDOM* oxidants possess energies greater than 150 kJ mol -1 . Comparing results with our companion study, we found slight, but noticeable differences in the 3 CDOM* quenching rate constants by HDA and unquenchable triplet fractions determined by oxidation of TMPD and energy transfer to O 2 ( 1 O 2 formation) methods.

Sorbic Acid as a Triplet Probe: Reactivity of Oxidizing Triplets in Dissolved Organic Matter by Direct Observation of Aromatic Amine Oxidation