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We used site-level methane (CH 4 ) emissions data from over 1000 natural gas (NG) production sites in eight basins, including 92 new site-level CH 4 measurements in the Uinta, northeastern Marcellus, and Denver-Julesburg basins, to investigate CH 4 emissions characteristics and develop a new national CH 4 emission estimate for the NG production sector. The distribution of site-level emissions is highly skewed, with the top 5% of sites accounting for 50% of cumulative emissions. High emitting sites are predominantly also high producing (&gt;10 Mcfd). However, low NG production sites emit a larger fraction of their CH 4 production. When combined with activity data, we predict that this creates substantial variability in the basin-level CH 4 emissions which, as a fraction of basin-level CH 4 production, range from 0.90% for the Appalachian and Greater Green River to &gt;4.5% in the San Juan and San Joaquin. This suggests that much of the basin-level differences in production-normalized CH 4  emissions reported by aircraft studies can be explained by differences in site size and distribution of site-level production rates. We estimate that NG production sites emit total CH 4 emissions of 830 Mg/h (95% CI: 530-1200), 63% of which come from the sites producing &lt;100 Mcfd that account for only 10% of total NG production. Our total CH 4 emissions estimate is 2.3 times higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's estimate and likely attributable to the disproportionate influence of high emitting sites.

Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Data Synthesis and National Estimate