Discontinuity in the Realization of the Vienna Peedee Belemnite Carbon Isotope Ratio Scale

By convention, carbon isotope ratios are expressed relative to VPDB defined by the calcite standard NBS19 in the 1980s. [See T. Coplen, Pure Appl. Chem . 1994 , 66 , 273-276.] To improve the realization of the VPDB scale, a second fixed point (lithium carbonate, LSVEC) was introduced in 2006 [T. Coplen et al. Anal. Chem . 2006 , 78 , 2439-2441], which is now known to be isotopically unstable. [Assonov, S. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , 2018 , 32 , 827-830.] With the high-quality reference materials made available in 2020, it is now possible to realize the VPDB scale with high confidence. [Assonov, S. et al. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom ., 2020 , 34 , e8867; Assonov, S. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom . 2021 , 35 , e9014; Qi, H. et al. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrosc . 2021 , 35 , e9006.] Here, we report the analysis of 25 reference materials using isotope ratio combustion mass spectrometry, show the discontinuity between the values measured against the new IAEA reference materials and the values currently assigned to these reference materials on the VPDB2006, and provide a link bringing these materials onto the new VPDB2020.