Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography as a Monitor for Therapeutic Intervention in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography

General Considerations 40 Scope of Work 41 I. Echocardiographic Hemodynamic Monitoring Tools 41 Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Monitoring Parameters 42 LV Chamber Dimensions 42 Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Size and Collapsibility 43 Doppler Monitoring Parameters 43 Mitral Inflow 43 TDI 43 Calculated Monitoring Parameters 44 SV, Cardiac Output (CO), and SVR Calculations 44 RV Systolic Function 44 PA Systolic Pressure 45 II. Advantages, Disadvantages, and Recommendations of Echocardiography as a Monitoring Tool 45 III. Clinical Scenarios 45 Acute CHF Monitoring 45 Critical Care Monitoring 47 Pericardial Tamponade Monitoring 48 Pulmonary Embolism Therapy Monitoring 48 Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis Monitoring 48 Echocardiographic Monitoring in Trauma 48 IV. Perioperative Medicine 49 Echocardiographic Monitoring During Liver, Kidney, and Lung Transplantation 49