Variation in Microbiome LPS Immunogenicity Contributes to Autoimmunity in Humans

transplant recipients with additional estrogen did not add any additional protective effects. Next, the authors tested if their experimental data were also reflected by clinical findings. In a univariate analysis of almost 47 000 transplant recipients, DGF rates were significantly higher in male versus female recipients (29.2% vs 23.3%, respectively). To exclude the effects of a size mismatch between male and female kidneys, differences in donor and recipient body weight ratios were compared and found to be insignificant. When the authors stratified female transplant recipients into age groups, they detected higher rates of DGF in postmenopausal women suggesting a link between levels of female sex hormones and protection fromDGF. Lastly, when kidneys from the same donor were allocated to either male or female recipients, male recipients experienced a higher rate of DGF. These findings have particular relevance and may provide a rationale for testing hormonal interventions as a renal protective strategy.