Inhibition of fermentation and growth in batch cultures of the yeast Brettanomyces intermedius upon a shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions (Custers effect)

Aerobic growth of the yeast Brettanomyces intermedius CBS 1943 in batch culture on a medium containing glucose and yeast extract proceeded via a characteristic pattern. In the first phase of growth glucose was fermented to nearly equal amounts of ethanol and acetic acid. After glucose depletion, growth continued while the ethanol produced in the first phase was almost quantitatively converted to acetic acid. Finally, after a long lag phase, growth resumed with concomitant consumption of acetic acid. When the culture was made anaerobic during the first phase, growth, glucose consumption and metabolite production stopped immediately. This Custers effect (inhibition of alcoholic fermentation as a result of anaerobic conditions) was transient. After 7-8 h the culture was adapted to anaerobiosis, and growth and ethanol production resumed. The lag phase could be shortened at will by the introduction of hydrogen acceptors, such as oxygen or acetoin, into the culture. Glycerol production was not observed during any phase of growth. These results support the hypothesis that the Custers effect in this yeast is due to a disturbance of the redox balance, resulting from the tendency of the organism to produce acetic acid, and its inability to restore the balance by production of glycerol.