Allozyme Variation in Turkmenian Populations of Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum Koch.

The extent and structure of genetic variation in 720 individuals representing 36 populations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum , from Central Asia (Turkmenistan) were determined using starch gel electrophoresis of eight water soluble leaf proteins encoded by 13 loci. The populations were grouped into seven ecogeographic regions. The study found: ( a ) a similar amount of within population genetic diversity (H e = 0.106), but lower total genetic diversity (H T = 0.166) to that reported for Middle East populations of H. spontaneum ; ( b ) of the total genetic diversity, 61% was attributable to variation within populations, 27% between populations of a region, and 12% among regions; ( c ) of the 42 alleles found, 11 were ubiquitous, 22 were widespread and common, three local and common and seven local and rare; ( d ) there was a poor correlation between population genetic and geographic distances; and ( e ) the frequencies of only a few alleles correlated significantly with climatic or geographic parameters. The extent and structure of genetic variation of Turkmenian populations, which represent the Central Asian part of the species' range, were significantly different in some important aspects from Middle Eastern and eastern Mediterranean populations. The mosaic pattern of genetic variation found in wild barley in the Middle East is less pronounced in populations from Central Asia where there is less genetic differentiation among populations and regions, and more ubiquitous or common and fewer localized alleles. Keywords Allozyme, Central Asia, genetic diversity, Hordeum spontaneum , wild barley References LITERATURE CITED 1 Y Anikster J Manisterski M Tagany Virulence analysis of two isolates of Puccinia hordei attacking barley cultivars carrying the Pa7 gene Vortrag Planzenzuchty 24 1992 124 125 2 T Brody S Mendlinger Species relationships and genetic variation in the diploid wheats as revealed by starch gel electrophoresis Plant Systematics and Evolution 136 1980 247 258 3 A HD Brown E Nevo D Zohary O Dagan Genetic variation in natural populations of wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ) Genetica 49 1978 97 108 4 G Fischbeck A Jahoor The transfer of genes for mildew resistance from H. spontaneum JH Jorgensen Integrated control of cereal mildews—virulence patterns and their changes 1992 RISO National Laboratory Roskilde 247 255 5 JR Harlan Barley NW Simmonds Evolution of crop plants 1976 Longman London 93 98 7 JR Harlan Crops and man 1992 University of Wisconsin Press Madison 6 JR Harlan D Zohary Distribution of wild wheats and barley Science 153 1966 1074 1080 8 S Jana LN Pietrzak Comparative assessment of genetic diversity in wild and primitive cultivated barley in a center of diversity Genetics 119 1988 981 990 9 W Lehmann The use of genetic resources for isolating disease resistance for barley cultivar development Barley Genetics 6 1991 650 651 10 RC Lewontin The apportionment of human diversity Evolutionary Biology 6 1972 381 398 11 DQ Ma TW Xu MZ Gu SB Wu YC Kang The classification and distribution of wild barley in the Tibet autonomous region Scientific Agriculture Sinecea 20 1987 1 6 12 DR Marshall A HD Brown Optimum sampling strategies in genetic conservation OH Frankel JG Hawks Crop genetic resources for today and tomorrow 1975 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 53 80 13 S Mendlinger D Zohary The extent and structure of genetic variation in species of the Sitopsis group of Aegilops Heredity 74 1995 616 627 14 JL Molina-Cano M Moralejo E Igartua I Romagosa Further evidence supporting Morocco as a centre of origin of barley Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98 1999 913 918 15 JL Molina-Cano P Fra-Mon G Salcedo C Aragoncillo F Roca de Togores F Garcia-Olmedo Morocco as a possible domestication center for barley: biochemical and agromorphological evidence Theoretical and Applied Genetics 73 1987 531 536 16 M Moralejo I Romagosa G Salcedo R Sanchez-Monge JL Molina-Cano On the origin of Spanish two-rowed barleys Theoretical and Applied Genetics 87 1994 829 836 17 JG Moseman PF Baenziger RA Kilpatrick Hordeum spontaneum —an overlooked source of disease resistance Europe and Mediterranean Cereal Rust Foundation 1980 91 93 34 DB Neale MA Saghai-Maroof RW Alland Q Zhang RA Jorgensen Chloroplast DNA diversity in populations of wild and cultivated barley Genetics 180 1988 1105 1110 18 M Nei Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 70 1973 3321 3323 19 M Nei Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals Genetics 89 1978 583 590 21 E Nevo A Beiles D Zohary Genetic resources of wild barley in the Near East: structure, evolution and application in breeding Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 27 1986 355 380 20 E Nevo D Zohary A HD Brown M Haber Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum , in Israel Evolution 33 1979 815 833 23 E Nevo D Zohary A Beiles D Kaplan N Storch Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley Genetica 68 1986 203 213 22 E Nevo A Beiles D Kaplan EM Golenberg L Olswig-Whittaker Z Naveh Natural selection of allozyme polymorphism: a microsite test revealing ecological genetic differentiation in wild barley Evolution 40 1986 13 20 26 MS Saghai-Maroof RW Allard Q Zhang Genetic diversity and ecogeographical differentiation among ribosomal DNA alleles in wild and cultivated barley Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87 1990 8486 8490 25 MS Saghai-Maroof KM Soliman RA Jorgensen RW Allard Ribosomal DNA spacer length polymorphism in barley: Mendelian inheritance chromosomal location and population dynamics Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 81 1984 8014 8018 24 L Snow T Brody Genetic variation of Hordeum spontaneum in Israel: Eco-geographical races, detected by trait measurements Plant Systematics and Evolution 145 1984 15 28 27 RR Sokal FJ Rohlf Biometry 1981 W.H. Freeman and Co San Francisco 28 TW Xu Origin and evolution of cultivated barley in China Acta Genetica Sinecea 9 1982 440 446 29 Yeh, F, C, Rong-Cai, Y, Boyle, T, 1998, POPGENE VERSION 1.31. Microsoft windows-based freeware for population genetic analysis. Quick user guide 30 Q Zhang MA Saghai-Maroof A Kleinhofs Comparative analysis of RFLPs and isozymes within and among populations of Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum Genetics 134 1993 906 916 31 Q Zhang GP Yang X Dai JZ Sun A comparative analysis of genetic polymorphism in wild and cultivated barley from Tibet using isozyme and ribosomal DNA markers Genome 37 1994 631 638 32 D Zohary The progenitors of wheat and barley in relationship to domestication and agricultural dispersal in the Old World PJ Ucko GW Dimbleby The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals 1969 Duckworth London 33 D Zohary Geobotanical foundations in the Middle East, vols 1 and 2 1973 G. Fischer Stuttgart