Rheological Information of Pudding-Thick Liquids Prepared Using Commercial Food Thickeners Marketed in Korea for Dysphagic Patients According to the Manufacturers’ Guidelines

Food thickeners are commonly used to prepare thickened liquids for the management of dysphagia. The National Dysphagia Diet (NDD) thickness levels of thickened liquids prepared with commercial food thickeners are known to vary depending on the thickener type, recommended amount of thickener, thickener brand, and preparation instructions. Particularly, detailed preparation instructions must be provided by the manufacturers to achieve the correct thickness levels. However, the rheological information on product labels provided by manufacturers is typically not accurate. Here, various pudding-thick liquids were prepared by mixing commercial xanthan gum (XG)-based thickeners based on the manufacturers' guidelines, and their rheological properties were characterized. Several thickened liquids prepared with four different XG-based thickeners (A-D) marketed in Korea did not meet the pudding-like criterion (> 1,750 mPa·s) based on the NDD guidelines. Significant differences in rheological parameter values (η a,50 , n, and G') were also identified among the various thickened liquids. Only one thickener (thickener A) manufactured in Korea showed optimal results, which satisfied the pudding-thick viscosity range for various food liquids and also showed lower stickiness and enhanced bolus formation ability for easy and safe swallowing when compared to other thickeners (B, C, and D).