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Circadian clocks are important for an individual’s fitness, and recent studies have underlined their role in the outcome of biological interactions. However, the relevance of circadian clocks in fungal–fungal interactions remains largely unexplored. We sought to characterize a functional clock in the biocontrol agent  Trichoderma atroviride  to assess its importance in the mycoparasitic interaction against the phytopathogen  Botrytis cinerea . Thus, we confirmed the existence of circadian rhythms in  T. atroviride , which are temperature-compensated and modulated by environmental cues such as light and temperature. Nevertheless, the presence of such molecular rhythms appears to be highly dependent on the nutritional composition of the media. Complementation of a clock null ( Δfrq )  Neurospora crassa  strain with the  T. atroviride -negative clock component ( tafrq ) restored core clock function, with the same period observed in the latter fungus, confirming the role of  tafrq  as a  bona fide  core clock component. Confrontation assays between wild-type and clock mutant strains of  T. atroviride  and  B. cinerea , in constant light or darkness, revealed an inhibitory effect of light on  T. atroviride’s  mycoparasitic capabilities. Interestingly, when confrontation assays were performed under light/dark cycles,  T. atroviride’ s overgrowth capacity was enhanced when inoculations were at dawn compared to dusk. Deleting the core clock-negative element FRQ in  B. cinerea , but not in  T. atroviride , was vital for the daily differential phenotype, suggesting that the  B. cinerea  clock has a more significant influence on the result of this interaction. Additionally, we observed that  T. atroviride  clock components largely modulate development and secondary metabolism in this fungus, including the rhythmic production of distinct volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thus, this study provides evidence on how clock components impact diverse aspects of  T. atroviride  lifestyle and how daily changes modulate fungal interactions and dynamics.

elife

Circadian oscillations in  Trichoderma atroviride  and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen  Botrytis cinerea