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The parasite  Cryptosporidium  is responsible for diarrheal disease in young children causing death, malnutrition, and growth delay.  Cryptosporidium  invades enterocytes where it develops in a unique intracellular niche. Infected cells exhibit profound changes in morphology, physiology, and transcriptional activity. How the parasite effects these changes is poorly understood. We explored the localization of highly polymorphic proteins and found members of the  Cryptosporidium parvum  MEDLE protein family to be translocated into the cytosol of infected cells. All intracellular life stages engage in this export, which occurs after completion of invasion. Mutational studies defined an N-terminal host-targeting motif and demonstrated proteolytic processing at a specific leucine residue. Direct expression of MEDLE2 in mammalian cells triggered an ER stress response, which was also observed during infection. Taken together, our studies reveal the presence of a  Cryptosporidium  secretion system capable of delivering parasite proteins into the infected enterocyte.

The enteric pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum exports proteins into the cytosol of the infected host cell