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A fundamental limitation of photosynthetic carbon fixation is the availability of CO 2 . In C 4  plants, primary carboxylation occurs in mesophyll cytosol, and little is known about the role of CO 2  diffusion in facilitating C 4  photosynthesis. We have examined the expression, localization, and functional role of selected plasma membrane intrinsic aquaporins (PIPs) from  Setaria italica  (foxtail millet) and discovered that SiPIP2;7 is CO 2 -permeable. When ectopically expressed in mesophyll cells of  Setaria viridis  (green foxtail), SiPIP2;7 was localized to the plasma membrane and caused no marked changes in leaf biochemistry. Gas exchange and C 18 O 16 O discrimination measurements revealed that targeted expression of SiPIP2;7 enhanced the conductance to CO 2  diffusion from the intercellular airspace to the mesophyll cytosol. Our results demonstrate that mesophyll conductance limits C 4  photosynthesis at low  p CO 2  and that SiPIP2;7 is a functional CO 2  permeable aquaporin that can improve CO 2  diffusion at the airspace/mesophyll interface and enhance C 4  photosynthesis.

Expression of a CO 2 -permeable aquaporin enhances mesophyll conductance in the C 4 species Setaria viridis