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The exchange of small RNAs (sRNAs) between hosts and pathogens can lead to gene silencing in the recipient organism, a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi (ck-RNAi). While fungal sRNAs promoting virulence are established, the significance of ck-RNAi in distinct plant pathogens is not clear. Here, we describe that sRNAs of the pathogen  Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis , which represents the kingdom of oomycetes and is phylogenetically distant from fungi, employ the host plant’s Argonaute (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence. To demonstrate  H. arabidopsidis  sRNA ( Hpa sRNA) functionality in ck-RNAi, we designed a novel CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4/GUS reporter that enabled in situ visualization of  Hpa sRNA-induced target suppression in Arabidopsis. The significant role of  Hpa sRNAs together with  At AGO1 in virulence was revealed in plant  atago1  mutants and by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a short-tandem-target-mimic to block  Hpa sRNAs, that both exhibited enhanced resistance.  Hpa sRNA-targeted plant genes contributed to host immunity, as Arabidopsis gene knockout mutants displayed quantitatively enhanced susceptibility.

Oomycete small RNAs bind to the plant RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence