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Bone morphogenetic protein4 (BMP4) plays numerous roles during embryogenesis and can signal either alone as a homodimer, or together with BMP7 as a more active heterodimer. BMPs are generated as inactive precursor proteins that dimerize and are cleaved to generate the bioactive ligand and inactive prodomain fragments. In humans, heterozygous mutations within the prodomain of BMP4 are associated with birth defects. We studied the effect of two of these mutations (p.S91C and p.E93G), which disrupt a conserved FAM20C phosphorylation motif, on ligand activity. We compared the activity of ligands generated from BMP4, BMP4 S91C , or BMP4 E93G  in  Xenopus  embryos and found that these mutations reduce the activity of BMP4 homodimers but not BMP4/7 heterodimers. We generated  Bmp4 S91C   and  Bmp4 E93G   knock-in mice and found that  Bmp4 S91C/S91C   mice die by E11.5 and display reduced BMP activity in multiple tissues including the heart. Most  Bmp4 E93G/E93G   mice die before weaning and  Bmp4 −/E93G   mutants die prenatally with reduced or absent eyes, heart, and ventral body wall closure defects. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from  Bmp4 S91C   and  Bmp4 E93G   embryos show accumulation of BMP4 precursor protein, reduced levels of cleaved BMP ligand and reduced BMP activity relative to MEFs from wild type littermates. Because  Bmp7  is not expressed in MEFs, the accumulation of unprocessed BMP4 precursor protein in mice carrying these mutations most likely reflects an inability to cleave BMP4 homodimers, leading to reduced levels of ligand and BMP activity in vivo. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of the BMP4 prodomain is required for proteolytic activation of BMP4 homodimers, but not heterodimers.

Mutations that prevent phosphorylation of the BMP4 prodomain impair proteolytic maturation of homodimers leading to lethality in mice