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This study analyzes the historical process of occupation in the southern Amazonian region during the republican period before the Brazilian military regime. At that time the main economic activity in the region was the peasantry cattle settlements which presented high economic autonomy and regional isolation. This isolation was partially broken by the rubber extraction in the area which was organized to provide rubber inputs to the North American and European automobile industries. This paper also describes the social and economic characteristics of the region where in the sixty decade of the twenty century the Brazilian Government provided tax incentives to develop cattle projects. The beginning of the substantial environmental and social changes in Amazonia was caused by those projects.Este artigo sintetiza o processo histórico de ocupação da região do Araguaia paraense no período republicano anterior ao regime militar. Nesse período, predominou na região a economia pastoril de subsistência, com alto grau de autonomia e confinamento regional. Somente durante os períodos do extrativismo da borracha, a região esteve parcialmente integrada ao mercado nacional e internacional para abastecer a indústria de pneumáticos européia e norte-americana (1890- 1912 e 1940-1946). O artigo apresenta as principais características econômicas e sociais da região onde se instalariam os grandes projetos agropecuários incentivados pelo Estado brasileiro, que foram os responsáveis pelo início das substanciais  transformações econômicas, sociais e ambientais da Amazônia brasileira.

A economia pastoril e os primórdios do capitalismo na região do Araguaia paraense (1890-1960)*