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. This paper presents the new and now open-source version2.1 of the REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND). REMIND,as an integrated assessment model (IAM), provides an integrated view of theglobal energy–economy–emissions system and explores self-consistenttransformation pathways. It describes a broad range of possible futures andtheir relation to technical and socio-economic developments as well aspolicy choices. REMIND is a multiregional model incorporating the economyand a detailed representation of the energy sector implemented in theGeneral Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). It uses non-linear optimization toderive welfare-optimal regional transformation pathways of theenergy-economic system subject to climate and sustainability constraints forthe time horizon from 2005 to 2100. The resulting solution corresponds to thedecentralized market outcome under the assumptions of perfect foresight ofagents and internalization of external effects. REMIND enables the analyses oftechnology options and policy approaches for climate change mitigation withparticular strength in representing the scale-up of new technologies,including renewables and their integration in power markets. The REMIND codeis organized into modules that gather code relevant for specific topics.Interaction between different modules is made explicit via clearly definedsets of input and output variables. Each module can be represented by differentrealizations, enabling flexible configuration and extension. The spatialresolution of REMIND is flexible and depends on the resolution of the inputdata. Thus, the framework can be used for a variety of applications in acustomized form, balancing requirements for detail and overall runtime andcomplexity.

REMIND2.1: transformation and innovation dynamics of the energy-economic system within climate and sustainability limits