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. The trends of meteorological parameters and surfacedownward shortwave radiation (DSR) and downward longwave radiation (DLR) were analysed at fourstations (between 370 and 3580 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland for the 1996–2015period. Ground temperature, specific humidity, and atmospheric integratedwater vapour (IWV) trends were positive during all-sky and cloud-free conditions.All-sky DSR and DLR trends were in the ranges of 0.6–4.3 W m−2 decade−1and 0.9–4.3 W m−2 decade−1, respectively, while correspondingcloud-free trends were −2.9–3.3 W m−2 decade−1 and 2.9–5.4 W m−2 decade−1. Most trends were significant at the 90 % and 95 %confidence levels. The cloud radiative effect (CRE) was determined usingradiative-transfer calculations for cloud-free DSR and an empirical schemefor cloud-free DLR. The CRE decreased in magnitude by 0.9–3.1 W m−2 decade−1 (only one trend significant at 90 % confidence level),which implies a change in macrophysical and/or microphysical cloudproperties. Between 10 % and 70 % of the increase in DLR is explained byfactors other than ground temperature and IWV. A more detailed, long-termquantification of cloud changes is crucial and will be possible in thefuture, as cloud cameras have been measuring reliably at two of the fourstations since 2013.

Trends in surface radiation and cloud radiative effect at four Swiss sites for the 1996–2015 period