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Extremophilic actinomycetes species are capable of surviving in extreme environment and producing antibiotics. In this study, we hypothesize that extremophiles produce antimicrobial compounds that are potentially novel agent(s) effective against drug resistant pathogens. The goal of this study is to test inhibitory activity of the extracts derived from extremophilic actinomycetes species against the most prevalent drug-resistant bacteria in Kazakhstani hospitals, and preliminarily analyze chemical composition of the active extracts. Actinomycetes species isolated from the soil of Kazakhstan were cultured in modified media mimicking extreme environment the species were isolated from. Antimicrobial compound(s) extracted with organic solvent were tested against conditionally pathogenic and multi-drug resistant pathogens Acinetobacter baumanni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our study generated promising results regarding the potential discovery of novel components effective against drug resistant pathogens. Future studies will focus on further chemical analysis to identify the active component within these extremophilic extracts. Introduction Antibiotics, first time discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming,1 have become excellent chemotherapeutic agents effective in treating human infections caused by many dangerous pathogenic bacteria. Even though it was unexpectedly discovered, antibiotics and search for newer more effective antimicrobial agents brought science and medicine to an extensive research in this field. As a result, many more antibiotics, such as vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin and others were discovered within a short period of time.2 Natural sources of antibiotics can be bacteria and fungi. The most prevalent antibiotic producers are actinomycetes species, which are gram-positive fungi-like bacteria. Today 45% of all known antibiotics are produced by these species which are generally found in soil and freshwater.3 Most of the actinomycetes grow in neutrophilic and slightly alkaline conditions. However, there are also acidophilic species that grow in the pH range of 3.5 6.5 with salt concentrations that are above 0.2 mol/L NaCl.4 These microorganisms are usually found in saline soil and are very promising targets for antimicrobial agents. The search for these organisms as producers of novel antibiotics is the subject of our current research. We have found that there are actinomycetes species inhabiting soil with high salt and high alkaline concentration; these species appeared to produce antibiotics while growing in saline, alkaline, or neutral conditions.5 We continue our efforts in researching extremophilic actinomycetes that can be isolated from these extreme environmental growth conditions and screen their activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria that can cause life-threatening infections. Bacterial ESKAPE pathogens, which are Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., are recognized as Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) microorganisms. These ESKAPE pathogens are resistant to almost all known classes of antibiotics and can cause healthcare associated infections (HAI).6 It is estimated that by 2050 infections caused by HAI pathogens with Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) will cause fatality in up to 10 million people per year.7 Currently effective treatment against these drug resistant pathogens is scarce or nonexistent in some cases, making the situation even more serious. Thus, the search for novel antibacterial compounds that are effective against these multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria becomes even more crucial in this era of diminishing treatment options. Even though most of the antibiotics have been rediscovered, which led to the decline in drug discovery research activities, there is still hope that nature has solutions to the health problems that we have today. Antibiotics from natural sources usually are small compounds that are responsible for the inhibitory activity against other bacteria. However, synthesis of these naturally occurring compounds in the laboratory is difficult because of the complexity of the compound structure. Chemical analysis is Microbiology Research 2020; volume 11:8356 Correspondence: Azliyati Azizan, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM), 5/1 Kerey and Zhanibek Khans Street, NurSultan, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: azliyati.azizan@nu.edu.kz Tel.: +7-717269-4633

Extremophilic actinomycetes isolated from soil in Kazakhstan: Classification and antimicrobial activities