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Clinical studies have proven that ultraviolet B (UVB) based phototherapy can induce perifollicular and marginal repigmentation patterns in the skin of vitiligo patients. It is, however, difficult to conceive how melanocytes can easily exit from their tightly interconnected epidermal microenvironment to re‑enter a different location in the skin to establish a new network with neighboring keratinocytes. While it is known that matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) is involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix in physiological or pathological processes, little is known about whether MMP9 affects melanocyte migration in vitiligo repigmentation. To investigate the effects of the p53‑ transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 (TRPM1)/microRNA (miR/miRNA)‑211‑MMP9 axis to regulate melanocyte migration following exposure to UVB, the expression profile of MMP9 in cultured human melanocytes transfected with or without the miR‑211‑mimic and p53‑GFP lentiviral vector, respectively were determined. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to examine p53, TRPM1 and MMP9 mRNA and protein levels in UVB‑exposed and unexposed cells. The capacity of melanocytes to migrate on collagen IV substrate was estimated using a Transwell migration assay. Interestingly, the upregulation of p53 and MMP9 at the mRNA and protein levels was evident in melanocytes treated with single or repeat exposures to UVB, whereas levels of TRPM1 and miR‑211 were significantly suppressed in UVB‑exposed melanocytes compared with the UVB‑unexposed control cells. These results indicate that the p53‑TRPM1/miR‑211‑MMP9 axis is significantly activated in melanocytes exposed to UVB. Notably, the ability of melanocyte migration was altered by the overexpression of p53 using a lentiviral vector and by the upregulation of miR‑211 using an miRNA mimic. That altered migration could be neutralized by co‑treatment with GM6001 (a broad‑spectrum MMP inhibitor). Overall, these results show that the MMP9‑mediated migration of melanocytes is regulated by a novel mechanism driven by the p53‑TRPM1/miR‑211‑MMP9 axis. Activation of the p53‑TRPM1/miR‑211‑MMP9 axis potentially represents an attractive therapeutic target to improve repigmentation outcomes in vitiligo patients.

Role of the p53‑TRPM1/miR‑211‑MMP9 axis in UVB‑induced human melanocyte migration and its potential in repigmentation