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This paper describes the Habitable Energy balance model for eXoplaneTObseRvations (HEXTOR), which is a model for calculating latitudinal temperatureprofiles on Earth and other rapidly rotating planets. HEXTOR includes a lookuptable method for calculating the outgoing infrared radiative flux and planetaryalbedo, which provides improvements over other approaches at parameterizingradiative transfer in an energy balance model. Validation cases are presentedfor present-day Earth and other Earth-sized planets with aquaplanet and landplanet conditions from 0 to 45 degrees obliquity. A tidally locked coordinatesystem is also implemented in the energy balance model, which enablescalculation of the horizontal temperature profile for planets in synchronousrotation around low mass stars. This coordinate transformed model is applied tocases for TRAPPIST-1e as defined by the TRAPPIST Habitable AtmosphereIntercomparison protocol, which demonstrates better agreement with generalcirculation models compared to the latitudinal energy balance model. Advancesin applying energy balance models to exoplanets can be made by using generalcirculation models as a benchmark for tuning as well as by conductingintercomparisions between energy balance models with different physicalparameterizations.

An Energy Balance Model for Rapidly and Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets