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Turbulence is often invoked to explain the origin of nonthermal particles inspace and astrophysical plasmas. By means of 3D fully kinetic particle-in-cellsimulations, we demonstrate that turbulence in low-$\beta$ plasmas ($\beta$ isthe ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) accelerates ions andelectrons into a nonthermal energy distribution with a power-law energy range.The ion spectrum is harder than the electron one, and both distributions getsteeper for higher $\beta$. We show that the energization of electrons isaccompanied by a significant energy-dependent pitch-angle anisotropy, with mostelectrons moving parallel to the local magnetic field, while ions stay roughlyisotropic. We demonstrate that particle injection from the thermal pool occursin regions of high current density. Parallel electric fields associated withmagnetic reconnection are responsible for the initial energy gain of electrons,whereas perpendicular electric fields control the overall energization of ions.Our findings have important implications for the origin of nonthermal particlesin space and astrophysical plasmas.

Ion and Electron Acceleration in Fully Kinetic Plasma Turbulence