English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The substructures observed in protoplanetary disks may be the signposts ofembedded planets carving gaps or creating vortices. The inferred masses ofthese planets often fall in the Jovian regime despite their low abundancecompared to lower-mass planets, partly because previous works often assume thata single substructure (a gap or vortex) is caused by a single planet. In thiswork, we study the possible imprints of compact systems composed ofNeptune-like planets ($\sim10-30\;M_\oplus$) and show that long-standingvortices are a prevalent outcome when their inter-planetary separation ($\Deltaa$) falls below $\sim8$ times $H_{{\rm p}}$ -- the average disk's scale heightat the planets locations. In simulations where a single planet is unable toproduce long-lived vortices, two-planet systems can preserve them for at least$5,000$ orbits in two regimes: i) fully-shared density gaps with elongatedvortices around the stable Lagrange points $L_4$ and $L_5$ for the most compactplanet pairs ($\Delta a \lesssim 4.6\; H_{{\rm p}}$); ii) partially-shared gapsfor more widely spaced planets ($\Delta a \sim 4.6 - 8\;H_{{\rm p}}$) formingvortices in a density ring between the planets through the Rossby waveinstability. The latter case can produce vortices with a wide range of aspectratios down to $\sim3$ and can occur for planets captured into the 3:2 (2:1)mean-motion resonances for disk's aspects ratios of $h\gtrsim 0.033$ ($h\gtrsim0.057$). We suggest that their long lifetimes are sustained by the interactionof spiral density waves launched by the neighboring planets. Overall, ourresults show that distinguishing imprint of compact systems with Neptune-massplanets are long-lived vortices inside the density gaps, which in turn areshallower than single-planet gaps for a fixed gap width.

Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems