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Observing Earth-like exoplanets orbiting within the habitable zone ofSun-like stars and studying their atmospheres in reflected starlight requirescontrasts of $\sim1\mathrm{e}{-10}$ in the visible. At such high contrast,starlight reflected by exozodiacal dust is expected to be a significant sourceof contamination. Here, we present high-fidelity simulations of coronagraphicobservations of a synthetic Solar System located at a distance of 10 pc andobserved with a 12 m and an 8 m circumscribed aperture diameter space telescopeoperating at 500 nm wavelength. We explore different techniques to subtract theexozodi and stellar speckles from the simulated images in the face-on, the 30deg inclined, and the 60 deg inclined case and quantify the remainingsystematic noise as a function of the exozodiacal dust level of the system. Wefind that in the face-on case, the exozodi can be subtracted down to the photonnoise limit for exozodi levels up to $\sim1000$ zodi using a simple toy modelfor the exozodiacal disk, whereas in the 60 deg inclined case this only worksup to $\sim50$ zodi. We also investigate the impact of larger wavefront errorsand larger system distance, finding that while the former have no significantimpact, the latter has a strong (negative) impact. Ultimately, we derive apenalty factor as a function of the exozodi level and system inclination thatshould be considered in exoplanet yield studies as a realistic estimate for theexcess systematic noise from the exozodi.

the astronomical journal

Simulating reflected light coronagraphy of Earth-like exoplanets with a  large IR/O/UV space telescope: impact and calibration of smooth exozodiacal  dust